Enforcing Exact Boundary and Initial Conditions in the Deep Mixed Residual Method

Enforcing Exact Boundary and Initial Conditions in the Deep Mixed Residual Method

Year:    2021

Author:    Liyao Lyu, Keke Wu, Rui Du, Jingrun Chen

CSIAM Transactions on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 2 (2021), Iss. 4 : pp. 748–775

Abstract

Boundary and initial conditions are important for the well-posedness of partial differential equations (PDEs). Numerically, these conditions can be enforced exactly in classical numerical methods, such as finite difference method and finite element method. Recent years, we have witnessed growing interests in solving PDEs by deep neural networks (DNNs), especially in the high-dimensional case. However, in the generic situation, a careful literature review shows that boundary conditions cannot be enforced exactly for DNNs, which inevitably leads to a modeling error. In this work, based on the recently developed deep mixed residual method (MIM), we demonstrate how to make DNNs satisfy boundary and initial conditions automatically by using distance functions and explicit constructions. As a consequence, the loss function in MIM is free of the penalty term and does not have any modeling error. Using numerous examples, including Dirichlet, Neumann, mixed, Robin, and periodic boundary conditions for elliptic equations, and initial conditions for parabolic and hyperbolic equations, we show that enforcing exact boundary and initial conditions not only provides a better approximate solution but also facilitates the training process.

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Journal Article Details

Publisher Name:    Global Science Press

Language:    English

DOI:    https://doi.org/10.4208/csiam-am.SO-2021-0011

CSIAM Transactions on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 2 (2021), Iss. 4 : pp. 748–775

Published online:    2021-01

AMS Subject Headings:    Global Science Press

Copyright:    COPYRIGHT: © Global Science Press

Pages:    28

Keywords:    Machine learning deep neural networks enforcement of boundary/initial conditions penalty.

Author Details

Liyao Lyu

Keke Wu

Rui Du

Jingrun Chen

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