Beyond the Quadratic Approximation: The Multiscale Structure of Neural Network Loss Landscapes

Year:    2022

Author:    Chao Ma, Daniel Kunin, Lei Wu, Lexing Ying

Journal of Machine Learning, Vol. 1 (2022), Iss. 3 : pp. 247–267

Abstract

A quadratic approximation of neural network loss landscapes has been extensively used to study the optimization process of these networks. Though, it usually holds in a very small neighborhood of the minimum, it cannot explain many phenomena observed during the optimization process. In this work, we study the structure of neural network loss functions and its implication on optimization in a region beyond the reach of a good quadratic approximation. Numerically, we observe that neural network loss functions possesses a multiscale structure, manifested in two ways: (1) in a neighborhood of minima, the loss mixes a continuum of scales and grows subquadratically, and (2) in a larger region, the loss shows several separate scales clearly. Using the subquadratic growth, we are able to explain the Edge of Stability phenomenon [1, 2] observed for the gradient descent (GD) method. Using the separate scales, we explain the working mechanism of learning rate decay by simple examples. Finally, we study the origin of the multiscale structure and propose that the non-convexity of the models and the non-uniformity of training data is one of the causes. By constructing a two-layer neural network problem we show that training data with different magnitudes give rise to different scales of the loss function, producing subquadratic growth and multiple separate scales.

Journal Article Details

Publisher Name:    Global Science Press

Language:    English

DOI:    https://doi.org/10.4208/jml.220404

Journal of Machine Learning, Vol. 1 (2022), Iss. 3 : pp. 247–267

Published online:    2022-01

AMS Subject Headings:   

Copyright:    COPYRIGHT: © Global Science Press

Pages:    21

Keywords:    Neural network loss Subquadratic growth Multiscale structure Edge of stability.

Author Details

Chao Ma

Daniel Kunin

Lei Wu

Lexing Ying